一、造型的鉴别

First, the identification of modeling

每个时期的金铜佛像都有它的发展规律和风格特征，我们可以通过多接触实物，细心观察实物，或者参考有关佛像图册和考古资料进行比较分析。一般说来，伪器有全新铸造成像和拼凑嫁接改造两种。

Each period of the golden copper Buddha statues have its development law and style features, we can through more contact with physical objects, carefully observe the object, or reference to the Buddha atlas and archaeological data for comparative analysis. Generally speaking, the artifact has two kinds of new casting, imaging and piecing, grafting and rebuilding.

全新铸造者基本有依照物，尽管有一定的相似之处，甚至十分接近，但总不免有破绽。比如笔者曾过手一铜像，一眼看去绝无毛病，造像特征、雕刻风格等都可以被认为是宋初的菩萨铜像。铜像为半跏坐式，一足踏下座，由于这类菩萨像是像与座分铸，可装合、脱卸，因此座与菩萨像之足底是一个嵌合的接触点，座上是一榫头，足底则凹入一小块，似有半厘米深。而此件菩萨像缺座，由于造型与其他真品完全一致，亦作半跏坐式，因此理当有莲座相配，而且应在足底部找到与座接触的凹块;但此像不见，只是在足底浅划上一个四方形痕迹，可能是作伪者见到的真品无莲座，见足底有一凹入部分，不知何意，随意模仿一下，故留下了一个并不显眼的作伪漏洞。

New casting basically have according to things, although there are certain similarities, or even very close, but there is always a flaw. For example, I have a glance over the statue, no problem, features, style of carving statues can be considered a bronze statue of Buddha in the early Song dynasty. The statue sits in half, a foot under the seat, because this kind of Bodhisattva is like with a sub cast, can be installed and disassembled and therefore seat and the Bodhisattva of foot is the contact point of a mosaic, seat is a tenon, foot is a small concave, like a half centimeters deep. But this lack of Bodhisattva seat, because other and other genuine completely consistent, also sits in half, so it should be a rosette match, and should find a concave block and seat contact at the bottom of the foot; but this image does not see, only in the superficial plantar row on a square traces may be fake see no see genuine rosette, foot has a concave part, what meaning, free to copy, so leave a fake vulnerability is not conspicuous.

另一种是拼合、改造的佛像。这种造假有两种方式：一种是两件佛像都是残器，如甲物主尊部分在，失光背、佛床等，而乙物仅存光背、佛床，于是作伪者合二为一，把两件毫不相干的佛像拼成一件完整器物，甚至出现缺乏常识地将唐代佛床、光背拼合在北魏佛像上的笑话。第二种是佛像为真品，佛床、光背为伪作，甚至画蛇添足，将原本就没有光背、头光或佛床的佛像，凭臆想加铸那些原本没有的部分。

The other is a mosaic of statues. This fraud has two ways: one is the two Buddha statues are disabled, such as a statue of the owner in part, the loss of light back, Buddha bed, and the only light back, Yi Buddha bed, so zuoweizhe two to be made one, unrelated Buddha form a complete artifacts, even there will be a lack of common sense in the Tang Dynasty Buddha bed, back light assembly in the Northern Wei Dynasty Buddha. The second is the Buddha Buddha as genuine, bed, back light is false, even superfluous, will had no light back, head light or bed Buddha statues, and those who did not cast by imaginary part.

二、铸造技术的鉴别

Two 、 identification of casting technology

古代金铜佛像一般用失蜡和翻砂两种方法铸造。由于古代铸造技术高超，造像的壁较薄，加上长时间的氧化腐蚀，比重下降，致使器物的分量较轻。正因为壁薄，所以用手敲击的声音比较清脆，这也就是古董行话中的“手头”和“声响”。作伪的佛像一般都比较重，一是因为制作者不知道原物的重量，随意铸成;二是因为伪作存世短，没有一个长时间氧化腐蚀的过程，所以分量偏重。

Ancient bronzes generally use two methods and lost wax foundry casting. Because the ancient casting technology is superb, the wall of the statue is thin, and the long time oxidation corrosion, the proportion falls, causes the component of the utensil to be lighter. Because of the thin wall, the sound of hand tapping is relatively crisp, which is the "hand" and "noise" in the antique jargon". This statue is generally heavy, because producers do not know the original weight at two because the surviving cast; pretending to be short, without a long time oxidation corrosion, so the stress component.

当然亦有走向另一极端的，浇铸的胎体过薄，分量很轻，甚至有一种失重的感觉。因为古代匠人凭借其丰富的实践经验，往往注意佛身、光背、佛床之间的比例和陈设的稳定性，一般下重上轻;或是佛身稍稍前倾，制作者有意通过加重佛座或佛床的分量，或者将光背加厚来校正器物的重心。这些都是作伪者无法顾及的，所以有些产品不是做得十分单薄，就是过于平均，特别是佛之光背铸得均衡、板直、单薄，一望即可产生疑惑。对于上述那些胎体过厚或者过薄的伪作，如果用手去敲碰，前者铜声混浊，后者铜声脆而散，甚至会产生小小的震荡感。

Of course, there are also to the other extreme, cast carcass is too thin, very light weight, and even a feeling of weightlessness. Because the ancient craftsmen with its rich experience, often pay attention to stability, back light, Buddha Buddha between the bed and the proportion of furnishings, generally under the heavy light; or the Buddha body slightly forward, the author purposely by increasing Buddha seat or Buddha bed weight, center of gravity or light back to school is thickened objects. These are fake cannot be taken into account, so some products are not very thin, is too mean, especially the Buddha's light back cast was balanced, straight, thin plate, a look can be confused. For the carcass too thick or too thin the forgery, if the hand to knock on the former, the latter copper copper sound muddy, crisp and scattered, or even have a little sense of shock.